What is the deep web?

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I see a lot of people tossing these terms around lately: dark web, deep web, shadow web, etc.
To clarify, the "deep web" refers to sites that aren't indexed by major search engines (particularly Google).  Nevertheless, they aren't necessarily illegal.
The "dark web," by comparison, generally refers to purposely hidden sites built on top of darknets (computer networks with restricted access that require special software or configurations).
Likely, the most popular example of a darknet would be the Tor ("The Onion Router") network, which directs internet traffic through a worldwide system of volunteers. 
Sites hosted on Tor have a .onion URL, and can generally only be accessed with the Tor browser bundle.  Some of them also have clearnet (a.k.a. surface web) addresses, so a site could technically be on both the dark web and clearnet at the same time.
The above is one example of what's referred to as a "darknet market," many of which sell drugs and other types of products.  Generally, the accepted currency on these markets is bitcoin.  The notorious Silk Road sites were also darknet markets (and are some of the most popular).
Other popular examples of darknets are I2P and Freenet, which have their own networks of hidden sites.  I have a lot less experience with those, but if you wantto fully explore everything, they might be worth checking out.  Beyond that, there exist smaller peer-to-peer networks with the same anonymity and privacy in mind.  Tor, I2P, and Freenet have the largest communities, of course.  I was going to try to include some screenshots of those networks as well, but was having trouble connecting.
One of the reasons the "dark web" has been in the news so much lately is because of sites like The Silk Road, a darknet market that sold illegal drugs (stimulants, psychedelics, dissociatives), and other goods.  The first two iterations of that site have been taken down, but it was only one of many darknet markets that exist.
Within the dark web, there are also a number of forums, personal sites, and social networking sites, just as on the surface web ("clearnet").  If you're really curious, these are good starting points:
The Light Hidden Wiki (wikiwarixvouhwyn.onion)
Welcome To Dark Web Links And More! (jdpskjmgy6kk4urv.onion)
The Dark List (uxxasdkkxtrzppvv.onion)
TorLinks (http://torlinkbgs6aabns.onion/ )
Be warned - some of the links lead to illegal material, so if you're a first-timer, don't click something unless you know what it is.  And above all, please protect your identity!! 
And, to use the cliché, "If something seems too good to be true, it probably is."

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